Laiba Shahbaz

Explore Critical Theory's origins, key concepts from the Frankfurt School, and its evolution through thinkers like Habermas. Discover its application in International Relations, including Gramscian and communicative approaches, and its perspective on global challenges like the migrant crisis.

Explore postmodern thought's origins, key thinkers like Lyotard, Derrida, and Foucault, its impact across art, science, and history, and its enduring relevance in the digital age. This in-depth analysis examines postmodernism's core concepts, criticisms, and lasting legacy in shaping our understanding of reality and culture.

Explore the enduring paradoxes and evolution of liberalism, from its Enlightenment roots and core tenets to its diverse manifestations in politics, economics, and international relations. This in-depth article analyzes internal tensions, critiques, and 21st-century challenges, offering a comprehensive understanding of this transformative ideology.

Explore the Systems Approach in International Relations, covering key theories by Morton Kaplan, Kenneth Waltz (Neorealism), Keohane and Nye (Neoliberalism), Alexander Wendt (Constructivism), and Immanuel Wallerstein (World-Systems). Understand how systemic forces shape global politics.

Explore the Scientific Revolution through a behavioral lens, examining how shifts in scientific practices, interactions, and institutional behaviors drove this transformative era, beyond just intellectual ideas.

This article explores key concepts of Idealism, a philosophical stance asserting the primacy of mind or consciousness in understanding reality. It covers historical roots, major proponents (Plato, Berkeley, Kant, Hegel), diverse forms of idealism (subjective, objective, absolute, transcendental), and common criticisms, concluding with its enduring influence on contemporary thought.

Explore Realism and Neorealism, dominant theories in International Relations. This article by Laiba Shahbaz provides a comprehensive analysis of their core tenets, intellectual evolution, key concepts, practical applications, and critiques, highlighting their enduring relevance in understanding global power dynamics and state behavior.

The study of International Relations (IR) necessitates a deep understanding of two foundational concepts: the evolution of international society and the nation-state system. These intertwined elements form the bedrock upon which contemporary global politics is built. This article will meticulously explore the historical development of international orders, the emergence and transformation of the nation-state, and the enduring impact of sovereignty and nationalism in a globalized world.

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s two-decade rule reshaped Turkey, balancing early reforms and growth with concerns of authoritarianism, media curbs, and judicial erosion.

Explore the multifaceted reasons behind Donald Trump's stringent immigration policies, examining their stated rationale, key components, and profound societal impacts.

Examine the enduring causes of unrest within and among states, questioning whether the modern state system, despite its longevity, is fundamentally flawed in managing global stability.