Question Breakdown
The question is two-dimensional. First, it asks for a definition of the doctrine of Roza (fasting), which entails explaining its meaning, significance, and position in Islamic teachings. The candidate must clarify the spiritual, legal, and moral foundations of Roza as one of the five pillars of Islam. Secondly, the question demands an exploration of the practical and societal goals achieved through the application of this doctrine. These include individual purification, promotion of mutual cooperation, and the establishment of collective justice. The candidate must elaborate on how Roza, beyond being a ritual, contributes to moral uplift, social solidarity, and economic fairness within the Islamic framework.
Outline
1-Introduction
2-Meaning and Definition of Roza
3-Roza as a Pillar of Islam
4-Purpose and Philosophy of Fasting in Islam
5-Spiritual Impact: Purification of the Soul
6-Moral Discipline and Self-Control
7-Fostering Mutual Co-operation in Society
8-Roza as a Mechanism for Collective Justice
9-Historical Examples of Societal Reform Through Fasting
10-Contemporary Relevance of Roza
11-Conclusion
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Answer to the Question
Introduction
Fasting, or Roza, occupies a central position in Islamic theology and practice. It is one of the five foundational pillars upon which the faith rests. While often perceived externally as abstinence from food, drink, and desires during daylight hours, Roza is a comprehensive act of spiritual discipline and ethical reform. It brings together individual purification and societal cohesion under the broader objective of attaining Taqwa, or God-consciousness. The Qur’an defines the ultimate purpose of fasting: “O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you so that you may attain Taqwa” (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:183). Thus, Roza is a transformative exercise not only for the individual but also for society as a whole.
Meaning and Definition of Roza
The word "Roza" is derived from the Persian term meaning "to abstain," while the Arabic equivalent "Sawm" means to restrain or abstain from certain actions. Legally, in Islamic jurisprudence, Roza refers to abstaining from food, drink, sexual activity, and sinful behavior from dawn (Fajr) to sunset (Maghrib) with the sincere intention (niyyah) of worship. Fasting is obligatory in the month of Ramadan, as stated in the Qur’an: “The month of Ramadan is that in which was revealed the Qur’an, a guidance for mankind... So whoever among you witnesses the month, let him fast it” (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:185). Thus, Roza is not only a commandment but also an opportunity for inner growth and outward social responsibility.
Roza as a Pillar of Islam
Roza is among the five pillars of Islam, along with Shahada (faith), Salah (prayer), Zakat (charity), and Hajj (pilgrimage). The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) stated: “Islam is built on five: the testimony that there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is His Messenger, the establishment of prayer, the giving of Zakat, the fast of Ramadan, and the pilgrimage to the House” (Sahih al-Bukhari). As a pillar, Roza supports the spiritual structure of the believer's life. It is a divine institution that aims to purify, reform, and elevate human conduct toward the divine ideal.
Purpose and Philosophy of Fasting in Islam
The primary objective of fasting is to cultivate Taqwa, a deep and conscious awareness of Allah. It trains the believer to avoid not just physical indulgences but also moral lapses such as lying, anger, backbiting, and arrogance. The Prophet (peace be upon him) emphasized this by saying: “Whoever does not give up false speech and evil actions, Allah is not in need of his leaving food and drink” (Sahih al-Bukhari). Thus, the philosophy of fasting is rooted in both external restraint and internal purification, preparing the soul for higher spiritual insight and moral excellence.
Spiritual Impact: Purification of the Soul
Roza is a powerful spiritual exercise that cleanses the heart from worldly attachments. The temporary abstinence during fasting enables the soul to detach from physical needs and focus on spiritual aspirations. Fasting restrains the nafs (lower self), disciplines the ego, and opens the heart to divine remembrance. The Prophet said, “Fasting is a shield. So the fasting person should avoid indecent speech and acting ignorantly...” (Sahih al-Bukhari). Through regular worship during Ramadan such as Taraweeh prayers and recitation of the Qur’an, the soul is elevated and rejuvenated. It offers an opportunity to renew one’s relationship with Allah and seek forgiveness for past sins.
Moral Discipline and Self-Control
Fasting teaches moral restraint and emotional discipline. By controlling natural urges such as hunger, thirst, and anger, the individual learns patience, humility, and tolerance. These qualities are essential for both personal development and social harmony. The believer develops empathy for those who are less fortunate, recognizing the pain of hunger not through imagination but experience. This sensitivity fosters generosity, kindness, and a genuine concern for the marginalized. The Prophet encouraged this by saying, “He who gives food for a fasting person to break his fast will receive the same reward...” (Sunan al-Tirmidhi).
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Fostering Mutual Co-operation in Society
The communal aspect of Roza cannot be overlooked. Ramadan brings people together in mosques, homes, and charitable efforts. Muslims gather to break their fasts, offer night prayers, and help those in need. This spirit of unity enhances social bonding and mutual cooperation. During fasting, believers are urged to avoid disputes, forgive each other, and make peace. These collective practices form the foundation for a supportive, caring, and cooperative society. In a Hadith, the Prophet PBUH likened the believers to a solid structure, each part supporting the other (Sahih al-Bukhari). Thus, Roza fosters collective empathy and reduces social distance among classes and communities.
Roza as a Mechanism for Collective Justice
Fasting plays a vital role in establishing social justice and economic equality. It encourages Muslims to reflect on inequality and take practical steps toward reducing it. Through fasting, the affluent experience a glimpse of what the poor endure daily. This awakening leads to increased Zakat payments, Sadaqah, and acts of charity during Ramadan. Fasting disrupts the cycle of greed and compels society to become more compassionate and fair. It promotes an economic ethic that balances individual wealth with communal welfare. Roza thus contributes to a moral economy based on justice, cooperation, and mutual care.
Historical Examples of Societal Reform Through Fasting
History bears witness to the role of Roza in reviving communities and inspiring reform. During the early Islamic period, Ramadan became a time of major victories, such as the Battle of Badr, which occurred in the second year of Hijrah. Despite fasting, Muslims demonstrated strength, discipline, and unity. Throughout Islamic history, Ramadan served as a time when scholars, reformers, and common people aligned their efforts to bring about moral, educational, and political reform. The month became a symbol of divine help, moral awakening, and collective renewal.
Contemporary Relevance of Roza
In today’s fast-paced, consumer-driven world, Roza offers a pause for reflection and reorientation. It counters materialism, cultivates mindfulness, and encourages responsible living. Modern societies grappling with inequality, selfishness, and isolation can benefit from the ethical and spiritual framework of fasting. From reducing food waste to encouraging philanthropy, from improving mental health to fostering community spirit, the doctrine of Roza remains profoundly relevant. It teaches moderation, balance, and restraint in a world often driven by excess.
Conclusion
In essence, Roza is a complete system of spiritual, moral, and social reform. It purifies the soul, disciplines desires, fosters empathy, and promotes justice. Far from being a mere ritual, fasting is an instrument of individual transformation and societal balance. It strengthens the bonds of brotherhood, cultivates compassion for the underprivileged, and ensures the fair distribution of resources. The doctrine of Roza, when truly applied, can serve as a model for harmonious living, mutual cooperation, and the realization of collective justice in any society.
